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Parks in India - - -› Bandhavgarh
National Park
Bandhavgarh National Park
Bandhavgarh
Tiger Reserve is located between the Vindhyan hill range and the esstern flank
of Satpu8ra hill range, and falls in the Shahdol and Jabalpur districts of the
Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
The Reserve gets its name from the highest hill, Bandhavharh (807m),located
in the center of the Reserve.. A chain of smaller hills, thirty -two in all,
surround this hill forming a number of valleys and spurs in between. Bertica
cliffs are more prominent around number of grassy meadows, such as Chalradhara,
Rajbsahera, is of sandstone, water percolates through it, forming a number of
perennial streams and springs. The western parts of the Reserve and Panpatha
Sanctuary area are more of less plain. The hills are mainly flat- topped. The
meadows in certain areas ate marshy.
Sal trees cover low, undulating and plain tracts and degenerate in growth and
quality as they ascend he hill slopes, giving place to mixed forest on the upper
slopes, mainly due to edaphic factors. Gregarious flowering of bamboo in year
1984-85 has resulted in profuse regeneration all over, which is giving good
cover to all animals.
A few rare species such as the insectivorous plant Drocera peltata and medicinal
plants such as Buch (Acorus calamus are found in some isolated patches of Tata
range of the Reserve. The rivers Johilla and Son flowing on the eastern side,
the river Umrar passing through the western fringes and the landmarks of the
Reserve. Bandhavgarh has been an excellent habitat of the tiger and is Known
for its highest density of tiger population in the world.
Forest Types
Moist Peninsular Low Level Sal
West Gangetic Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests.
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- - -› About
Himalayas - - -› People
& Tribes of Himalayas
People & Tribes of Himalayas
The
population, settlement, and economic patterns within the Himalayas have been
greatly influenced by the variations in topography and climate, which impose
harsh living conditions and tend to restrict movement and communication. People
living in remote, isolated valleys have generally preserved their cultural identities.
However, improvements in transportation and communication, particularly satellite
television programs from Europe and the United States, are bringing access from
the outside world to remote valleys. These outside influences are affecting
traditional social and cultural structure.
Nearly 40 million people inhabit the Himalayas. Generally, Hindus of Indian
heritage are dominant in the Sub-Himalayas and the Middle Himalayan valleys
from eastern Kashmir to Nepal. To the north Tibetan Buddhists inhabit the Great
Himalayas from Ladakh to northeast India.
In central Nepal, in an area between about 1830 and 2440 m (between about 6000
and 8000 ft), the Indian and Tibetan cultures have intermingled, producing a
combination of Indian and Tibetan traits. The eastern Himalayas in India and
nearby areas of eastern Bhutan are inhabited by animistic people whose culture
is similar to those living in northern Myanmar and Yunnan province in China.
People of western Kashmir are Muslims and have a culture similar to the inhabitants
of Afghanistan and Iran.
The economy of the Himalayas as a whole is poor with low per capita income.
Much of the Himalayas area is characterized by a very low economic growth rate
combined with a high rate of population growth, which contributes to stagnation
in the already low level of per capita gross national product. Most of the population
is dependent on agriculture, primarily subsistence agriculture; modern industries
are lacking.
Mineral resources are limited. The Himalayas has major hydroelectric potential,
but the development of hydroelectric resources requires outside capital investment.
The skilled labor needed to organize and manage development of natural resources
is also limited due to low literacy rates. Most of the Himalayan communities
face malnutrition, a shortage of safe drinking water, and poor health services
and education systems.
Agricultural land is concentrated in the Tarai plain and in the valleys of the
Middle Himalayas. Patches of agricultural land have also been carved out in
the mountainous forested areas. Rice is the principal crop in eastern Tarai
and the well-watered valleys. Corn is also an important rain-fed crop on the
hillsides.
Other cereal crops are wheat, millet, barley, and buckwheat. Sugarcane, tea,
oilseeds, and potatoes are other major crops. Food production in the Himalayas
has not kept up with the population growth.
The
major industries include processing food grains, making vegetable oil, refining
sugar, and brewing beer. Fruit processing is also important. A wide variety
of fruits are grown in each of the major zones of the Himalayas, and making
fruit juices is a major industry in Nepal, Bhutan, and in the Indian Himalayas.
Since 1950 tourism has emerged as a major growth industry in the Himalayas.
Nearly 1 million visitors come to the Himalayas each year for mountain trekking,
wildlife viewing, and pilgrimages to major Hindu and Buddhist sacred places.
The number of foreign visitors has increased in recent years, as organized treks
to the icy summits of the Great Himalayas have become popular. While tourism
is important to the local economy, it has had an adverse impact on regions where
tourist numbers exceed the capacity of recreational areas.
Historically, all transport in the Himalayas has been by porters and pack animals.
Porters and pack animals are still important, but the construction of major
roads and the development of air routes have changed the traditional transportation
pattern.
Major urban centers such as Kathmandu, Simla, and Srinagar, as well as important
tourist destinations, are served by airlines. Railways link Simla and Darjiling,
but in most of the Himalayas there are no railroads. The bulk of goods from
the Himalayas, as well as goods destined for places within the Himalayas, generally
come to Indian railheads, located in the Tarai, by road. The pack animals and
porters transport goods from road heads to the interior and back.
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