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Monasteries in Sikkim
Sikkim's
194 monasteries or gompas belonging to the Nyingma and Kagyu order have not
only been influencing the cultural heritage and lifestyle of the people but
also demonstrate the ancient rituals in practise.
Devoted Lamas robed in red, chant ancient mantras to the rhythm of drums and
trumpets while soft lights flicker from decorative lamps placed before statues
of the great Guru Padmasambhava. Feel the peace and quiet of being one with
nature and close to the almighty as sacred words mingle with the shirring prayer
wheels.
The gompas are adorned with life-like frecoes of hoary Buddhist legends, rare
silk and brocade thangkas. Also preserved here, are ancient tibetan manuscripts,
exquisitely carved wood work and icons of silver and gold.
RUMTEK
24 kms from Gangtok, a drive through beautiful countryside takes one to Rumtek
Dharma Chakra Centre built in 1960's by His Holiness the late 16th Gyalwa Karmapa
when he took refuge in Sikkim after the Chinese attack. It is an excellent replica
of the original Kagyu headquarters in Tibet. It houses some of the world's most
unique art objects, ancient manuscripts and icons. About 2 kms away from Dharma
Chakra Centre is the recently rebuilt 300 year old Rumtek Monastery which was
originally built by the fourth chogyal. His Holiness late Gyalwa Karmapa lived
in this monastery till the completion of the Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre.
Today it is the residence of His Hiliness and the headquarters of the Dharma
Chakra Religious Centre. The annual dances are held here on the 28th and 29th
day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar.
PEMAYANGTSE 'THE LOTUS SUBLIME
118
kms (via Rabongla) from Gangtok, Founded during the reign of Chador Namgyal
the third Chogyal in 1705 and perched at a height of 2085 mts, it is the second
oldest and perhaps the most important monastery in Sikkim. Pemayangtse belongs
to the Nyingma order and all other Nyingma monasteries in Sikkim are subordinate
to it. The 108 monks living here are from the Bhutia families of Sikkim.
The monastery contains numerous antique idols and object of worship. The top
wooden structure depicting the Mahaguru's Paradise Sangthokpelri was completed
in five years, single handedly by the late Dungzin Rinpoche.
A unique event is held on the 28th and 29th day of the 12th month of the Tibetan
lunar calendar. Dressed in costumes of rare magnificance, the Lamas represent
Mahakala and Guru Drag-dmar. The dance ends on the third day with the unfurling
of the 'Ghyo-ku' - a gigantic embroidered Buddhist scroll as the devotees bend
down in homage.
Pemayangtse is an excellent base for all trekking expeditions in the western
region, offering a number of unfrequented trails through some of the most spectacular
mountain terrain.
PHENSANG
Built in 1721 during the time of Jigme Pawo, it was gutted by a fire in 1947,
and rebuilt in 1948 through the efforts of the lamas. There are 300 monks in
this monastery and the main annual function is held here on the 28th and 29th
days of the tenth month of the lunar calendar.
PHODANG
28 kms from Gangtok The original monastery has been rebuilt and like Ralong
and Rumtek the main annual puja is performed here on the 28th and 29th days
of the tenth month of the lunar calendar with religious dances being the main
attraction.
RALONG
Belonging to the Karma Kagyu order, it was built after the return of the fourth
Chogyal from his pilgrimage to Tibet. H.H. the Gyalwa Karmapa performed the
'Rabney (blessing on its completion from Tsurphu itself, and grains from this
ceremony fell on the ground at Ralong. Between 1975-81 A.D. the government rebuilt
the monastery which today has around 100 monks. The main ceremony falls on the
28th and 29th day of the tenth month of the lunar calendar, when the 'chaams'
are performed.
ENCHHEY
Lama Drupthob Karpo is supposed to have built a small hermitage at the spot
he reached after he flew from Maynam Hill in South Sikkim. Later during the
reign of Sikyong Tulku 1909 - 1910 the present monastery was built in the shape
of a Chinese pagoda. Following the Byingma Order, it has around 90 monks. The
annula puja is celebrated with dances on the 18th and 19th days of the twelfth
month of the lunar calendar.
TASHIDING
It is built on top of a hill between rangit and Ratong rivers, where a rainbow
emanating from Mount Khangchendzonga came to an end. The main monastery was
built by Pedi Wangmo during the reign of Chakdar Namgyalin 1716 A.D. The sacred
objects of worship in Tashiding are the chorten Thongwa Rangdol and Bumchu (holy
water). The chorten was built by Lhatsun Chenpo and it is believed that merely
to view the chorten is enough to cleanse one of all sins.
Bumchu is a sacred pot containing holy water which does not dry up nor spoil
and continues to have a fresh smell even 300 years later. The sacred Bumpa containing
the water is opened for public darshan once a year on the 15th day of the first
Tibetan month.
YUKSAM
35 kms from Pemayangtse. The sacred spot of Yuksam is nestled in a pine forested
area with crystal clear mountain lakes. A stupa marks the spot where three lamas
performed the consecration cremony of the first ruling monarch of Sikkim.
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Himalayas - - -› People
& Tribes of Himalayas
People & Tribes of Himalayas
The
population, settlement, and economic patterns within the Himalayas have been
greatly influenced by the variations in topography and climate, which impose
harsh living conditions and tend to restrict movement and communication. People
living in remote, isolated valleys have generally preserved their cultural identities.
However, improvements in transportation and communication, particularly satellite
television programs from Europe and the United States, are bringing access from
the outside world to remote valleys. These outside influences are affecting
traditional social and cultural structure.
Nearly 40 million people inhabit the Himalayas. Generally, Hindus of Indian
heritage are dominant in the Sub-Himalayas and the Middle Himalayan valleys
from eastern Kashmir to Nepal. To the north Tibetan Buddhists inhabit the Great
Himalayas from Ladakh to northeast India.
In central Nepal, in an area between about 1830 and 2440 m (between about 6000
and 8000 ft), the Indian and Tibetan cultures have intermingled, producing a
combination of Indian and Tibetan traits. The eastern Himalayas in India and
nearby areas of eastern Bhutan are inhabited by animistic people whose culture
is similar to those living in northern Myanmar and Yunnan province in China.
People of western Kashmir are Muslims and have a culture similar to the inhabitants
of Afghanistan and Iran.
The economy of the Himalayas as a whole is poor with low per capita income.
Much of the Himalayas area is characterized by a very low economic growth rate
combined with a high rate of population growth, which contributes to stagnation
in the already low level of per capita gross national product. Most of the population
is dependent on agriculture, primarily subsistence agriculture; modern industries
are lacking.
Mineral resources are limited. The Himalayas has major hydroelectric potential,
but the development of hydroelectric resources requires outside capital investment.
The skilled labor needed to organize and manage development of natural resources
is also limited due to low literacy rates. Most of the Himalayan communities
face malnutrition, a shortage of safe drinking water, and poor health services
and education systems.
Agricultural land is concentrated in the Tarai plain and in the valleys of the
Middle Himalayas. Patches of agricultural land have also been carved out in
the mountainous forested areas. Rice is the principal crop in eastern Tarai
and the well-watered valleys. Corn is also an important rain-fed crop on the
hillsides.
Other cereal crops are wheat, millet, barley, and buckwheat. Sugarcane, tea,
oilseeds, and potatoes are other major crops. Food production in the Himalayas
has not kept up with the population growth.
The
major industries include processing food grains, making vegetable oil, refining
sugar, and brewing beer. Fruit processing is also important. A wide variety
of fruits are grown in each of the major zones of the Himalayas, and making
fruit juices is a major industry in Nepal, Bhutan, and in the Indian Himalayas.
Since 1950 tourism has emerged as a major growth industry in the Himalayas.
Nearly 1 million visitors come to the Himalayas each year for mountain trekking,
wildlife viewing, and pilgrimages to major Hindu and Buddhist sacred places.
The number of foreign visitors has increased in recent years, as organized treks
to the icy summits of the Great Himalayas have become popular. While tourism
is important to the local economy, it has had an adverse impact on regions where
tourist numbers exceed the capacity of recreational areas.
Historically, all transport in the Himalayas has been by porters and pack animals.
Porters and pack animals are still important, but the construction of major
roads and the development of air routes have changed the traditional transportation
pattern.
Major urban centers such as Kathmandu, Simla, and Srinagar, as well as important
tourist destinations, are served by airlines. Railways link Simla and Darjiling,
but in most of the Himalayas there are no railroads. The bulk of goods from
the Himalayas, as well as goods destined for places within the Himalayas, generally
come to Indian railheads, located in the Tarai, by road. The pack animals and
porters transport goods from road heads to the interior and back.
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