Access
to Adventure
- - -› About
Himalayas - - -› History
of Himalayas
History of Himalayas
Forty
million years ago, a collision between two plates of the earth’s crust
resulted in the creation of the earth’s highest mountain Himalayas. The
magnificent range of the Himalayas harbors breathtakingly beautiful scenery
and dramatic environment. The high Himalayas constituting a spectacular mountain
scope are being able to attract the heart of any new comer who is in search
of challenge and grandeur.
The beauty, mystery and majesty of these mountains are due to the thick layers
of ice and snow that perpetually cover them up. Since time immemorial, the Himalayas
has captured the dream, desires and Imagination of human beings. Even the early
Aryans looked upon these mountains as the abode of gods and goddess and the
extra ordinary objects of beauty, scenic grandeur, peace and tranquility. These
towering mountains have aptly been called the “Top of the World” and
“ The Third Pole” on the basis of the fact that they constitute the
latitudinal extremity.
Nepal, renowned all over the world for its scenic and panoramic peaks, is the
land of supernatural virgin beauty and a real paradise for nature lovers.
In 1852 the highest mountain in the world was determined by and later named
after Sir George Everest. After determination of Mt. Everest, no climber had
been a scaled mountain of Nepal till 1949. But, it is fact that the history
of trekking in Nepal is started after climbing and expedition of many majestic
peaks.
In 1949 the Swiss who had been earlier refused permission to attempt Dhaulagiri,
entered-east Nepal by way of Darjeeling. The team who led by Sutter – Lohner
and they explored Ramtang Glacier, Kang Bachen peak (7902m) and the triangle
of Drohmo (7008m) Jongsang peak (7473m) and Nupchu (7028) on the Nepal –
Tibet – Sikkim border. They also climb Tang Kangma (6249m) on outlays of
Drohmo as well as Dzange peak (6709m) before they returned to Darjeeling on
the nineteenth day of their expedition.
In 1949 Nepal opened its frontiers to the outside world and within eight years
ten of the fourteen 8000m peaks had been climbed, Annapurna (8091m) was the
first to be climbed in 1950, this was followed in 1953 by Everest (8848m) and
Nanga Parbat (8125m). From then on the number of expeditions coming from many
different countries of the world multiplied and by 1964 all these Himalayan
giants had been climbed, one being Shisa Pangma (8046m) scaled by the Chinese
in 1964.
The highest Peak Mt. Everest of the world and other numerous peaks have been
climbed many times now. Tenzing Norge Sherpa and Edmund Hillary reached at top
of the world Mt. Everest in 1953. Sir. Edmond Hillary stated “Nepal is
the only country in the world which is also one of the world’s great trekking
paradises and one of the nicest countries in the world for trekking.”
In
addition to its lofty mountains, Nepal provides beautiful displays of its resplendent
flora and fauna.
Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, extend along the northern
frontiers of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma. They were formed geologically
as a result of the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Asia. This process
of plate tectonics is ongoing, and the gradual northward drift of the Indian
subcontinent still causes earthquakes (see Earthquakes, this ch.). Lesser ranges
jut southward from the main body of the Himalayas at both the eastern and western
ends.
The Himalayan system, about 2,400 kilometers in length and varying in width
from 240 to 330 kilometers, is made up of three parallel ranges--the Greater
Himalayas, the Lesser Himalayas, and the Outer Himalayas--sometimes collectively
called the Great Himalayan Range. The Greater Himalayas, or northern range,
average approximately 6,000 meters in height and contain the three highest mountains
on earth: Mount Everest (8,796 meters) on the China-Nepal border; K2 (8,611
meters, also known as Mount Godwin-Austen, and in China as Qogir Feng) in an
area claimed by India, Pakistan, and China; and Kanchenjunga (8,598 meters)
on the India-Nepal border.
Many major mountains are located entirely within India, such as Nanda Devi (7,817
meters) in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The snow line averages 4,500 to 6,000
meters on the southern side of the Greater Himalayas and 5,500 to 6,000 on the
northern side. Because of climatic conditions, the snow line in the eastern
Himalayas averages 4,300 meters, while in the western Himalayas it averages
5,800 meters.
The Lesser Himalayas, located in northwestern India in the states of Himachal
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in north-central India in the state of Sikkim, and
in northeastern India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, range from 1,500 to
5,000 meters in height. Located in the Lesser Himalayas are the hill stations
of Shimla (Simla) and Darjiling (Darjeeling).
During the colonial period, these and other hill stations were used by the British
as summer retreats to escape the intense heat of the plains. It is in this transitional
vegetation zone that the contrasts between the bare southern slopes and the
forested northern slopes become most noticeable.
The Outer or Southern Himalayas, averaging 900 to 1,200 meters in elevation,
lie between the Lesser Himalayas and the Indo-Gangetic Plain. In Himachal Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh, this southernmost range is often referred to as the Siwalik
Hills. It is possible to identify a fourth, and northernmost range, known as
the Trans-Himalaya.
This range is located entirely on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, north of the great
west-to-east trending valley of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Although the Trans-Himalaya
Range is divided from the Great Himalayan Range for most of its length, it merges
with the Great Himalayan Range in the western section--the Karakoram Range--where
India, Pakistan, and China meet.
The southern slopes of each of the Himalayan ranges are too steep to accumulate
snow or support much tree life; the northern slopes generally are forested below
the snow line. Between the ranges are extensive high plateaus, deep gorges,
and fertile valleys, such as the vales of Kashmir and Kulu. The Himalayas serve
a very important purpose.
They provide a physical screen within which the monsoon system operates and
are the source of the great river systems that water the alluvial plains below
(see Climate, this ch.). As a result of erosion, the rivers coming from the
mountains carry vast quantities of silt that enrich the plains.
The area of northeastern India adjacent to Burma and Bangladesh consists of
numerous hill tracts, averaging between 1,000 and 2,000 meters in elevation,
that are not associated with the eastern part of the Himalayas in Arunachal
Pradesh. The Naga Hills, rising to heights of more than 3,000 meters, form the
watershed between India and Burma.
The Mizo Hills are the southern part of the northeastern ranges in India. The
Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are centered in the state of Meghalaya and, isolated
from the northeastern ranges, divide the Assam Valley from Bangladesh to the
south and west.
Golden Triangle
